European Lumber

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European Beech

Distribution: Europe
Tree Size: 100-130 ft (30-40 m) tall, 3-5 ft (1-1.5 m) trunk diameter
Average Dried Weight: 45 lbs/ft3 (720 kg/m3)
Specific Gravity (Basic, 12% MC): .53, .72
Janka Hardness: 1,450 lbf (6,460 N)
Modulus of Rupture: 15,970 lbf/in2 (110.1 MPa)
Elastic Modulus: 2,075,000 lbf/in2 (14.31 GPa)
Crushing Strength: 8,270 lbf/in2 (57.0 MPa)
Shrinkage: Radial: 5.7%, Tangential: 11.6%, Volumetric: 17.3%, T/R Ratio: 2.0
Color/Appearance: Beech is typically a pale cream color, sometimes with a pink or brown hue. Veneer tends to be slightly darker colored.
Color/Appearance: slicing the veneer usually requires the wood to be prepared with steam, which gives the wood a more golden tone.
Grain/Texture: Grain is straight, with a fine to medium uniform texture. Moderate natural luster.
Rot Resistance: Beech is considered non-durable or perishable; it is also susceptible to insect attack.
Workability: Overall good workability; it machines well, and glues, finishes, and turns well. Beech also responds superbly to steam-bending.
Workability: They have a large amount of movement in service, so movement and wood stability must be taken into account.
Allergies/Toxicity: Although severe reactions are quite uncommon, European Beech has been reported as been reported as a sensitizer.
Allergies/Toxicity: Usually most common reactions simply include eye, skin, and respiratory irritation.
Sustainability: This wood species is not listed in the CITES Appendices or on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
Common Uses: Lumber, veneer, flooring, boat-building, furniture, cabinetry, musical instruments (piano pinblocks), plywood, and turned objects.

Olive

Distribution: Europe and eastern Africa
Tree Size: 25-50 ft (8-15 m) tall, 3-5 ft (1.0-1.5 m) trunk diameter
Average Dried Weight: 62 lbs/ft3 (990 kg/m3)
Specific Gravity (Basic, 12% MC): .72, .99
Janka Hardness: 2,700 lbf (12,010 N)
Modulus of Rupture: 22,530 lbf/in2 (155.4 MPa)
Elastic Modulus: 2,577,000 lbf/in2 (17.77 GPa)
Crushing Strength: 11,180 lbf/in2 (77.1 MPa)
Shrinkage: Radial: 5.4%, Tangential: 8.8%, Volumetric: 14.4%, T/R Ratio: 1.6
Color/Appearance: Heartwood is a cream or yellowish brown, with darker brown or black contrasting streaks.
Color/Appearance: Color tends to deepen with age. Olive is somtimes figured with curly or wavy grain, burl, or wild grain.
Grain/Texture: Grain may be straight, interlocked, or wild. Fine uniform texture with moderate natural luster.
Rot Resistance: Conflicting reports range from non-durable/perishable to durable/moderately durable. Olive is susceptible to insect attack.
Workability: Somewhat easy to work, though wild or interlocked grain may result in tearout during surfacing operations.
Workability: Olive has high movement in service and is considered to have poor stability. Turns superbly. Glues and finishes well.
Odor: Has a distinct, fruity scent when being worked.
Allergies/Toxicity: Although severe reactions are quite uncommon, Olive has been reported as a sensitizer. Usually most common reactions simply include eye and skin irritation.
Sustainability: This wood species is not listed in the CITES Appendices or on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
Common Uses: High-end furniture, veneer, turned objects, and small specialty wood items.

Pear

Common Name(s): Pear, Swiss Pear
Distribution: Native to central and eastern Europe; also widely planted throughout temperate regions worldwide
Tree Size: 20-30 ft (6-9 m) tall, .5-1 ft (15-30 cm) trunk diameter
Average Dried Weight: 43 lbs/ft3 (690 kg/m3)
Specific Gravity (Basic, 12% MC): .52, .69
Janka Hardness: 1,660 lbf (7,380 N)
Modulus of Rupture: 12,080 lbf/in2 (83.3 MPa)
Elastic Modulus: 1,131,000 lbf/in2 (7.80 GPa)
Crushing Strength: 6,400 lbf/in2 (44.1 MPa)
Shrinkage: Radial: 3.9%, Tangential: 11.3%, Volumetric: 13.8%, T/R Ratio: 2.9
Color/Appearance: Heartwood is a pale pink or light reddish brown. Sapwood is slightly paler but is not usually distinct from heartwood. Pear is sometimes steamed to deepen the pink coloration.
Color/Appearance: Pear is also occasionally dyed black and used as a substitute for ebony.
Grain/Texture: Grain is usually straight, with a very fine uniform texture.
Rot Resistance: Rated as non-durable regarding decay resistance.
Workability: Overall easy to work with both hand and machine tools. Turns, glues, and finishes well.
Odor: No characteristic odor.
Allergies/Toxicity: There has been no adverse health effects associated with Pear.
Sustainability: This wood species is not listed in the CITES Appendices or on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
Common Uses: Veneer, architectural millwork, marquetry, inlay, carving, musical instruments, furniture, cabinetry, and turned objects.

Pacific Yew

Common Name(s): Pacific Yew, Oregon Yew
Distribution: Pacific Northwest North America
Tree Size: 30-50 ft (10-15 m) tall, 1-2 ft (.3-.6 m) trunk diameter
Average Dried Weight: 46 lbs/ft3 (745 kg/m3)
Specific Gravity (Basic, 12% MC): .60, .74
Janka Hardness: 1,600 lbf (7,120 N)
Modulus of Rupture: 15,200 lbf/in2 (104.8 MPa)
Elastic Modulus: 1,350,000 lbf/in2 (9.31 GPa)
Crushing Strength: 8,100 lbf/in2 (55.9 MPa)
Shrinkage: Radial: 4.0%, Tangential: 5.4%, Volumetric: 9.7%, T/R Ratio: 1.4
Color/Appearance: Sapwood is usually a thin band of pale yellow or tan color, while the heartwood is an orangish brown, sometimes with a darker brown or purplish hueColor tends to darken with age.
Grain/Texture: Pacific Yew has a tight grain, a fine texture, and a natural luster. As with all softwoods, the pores are closed.
Grain/Texture: Yew is not commonly available in large or wide boards, and knots and other defects are commonly present, as well as sections with wild or irregular grain.
Rot Resistance: Pacific Yew is very durable in regard to decay resistance, and is also resistant to most insect attack.
Workability: Overall, an easy wood to work, though knots and other grain irregularities can pose a challenge. Yew glues, finishes, and turns well.
Allergies/Toxicity: Although severe reactions are quite uncommon, Yew has been reported as a irritant. Usually most common reactions simply include eye, skin, and respiratory irritation & nausia.
Allergies/Toxicity: Nearly all parts of the Yew tree are considered toxic and poisonous to humans, and care should be exercised when working with this wood species.
Sustainability: This wood species is not listed in the CITES Appendices, but is reported by the IUCN as being near threatened.
Sustainability: Technically it doesn’t meet the Red List criteria of a vulnerable or endangered species, but is close to qualifying and/or may qualify in the near future.
Common Uses: Bows (archery), veneer, cabinetry, furniture, carvings, musical instruments (lutes), and turned objects.

Larch

Origin: Central Europe
Color: The sapwood is yellowish white, the heartwood is reddish brown and darkens later.
Characteristics: Clearly recognizable growth rings through the wide, dark late wood zones, as well as straight fiber growth with a fine, uniform texture.
Application: Larchwood is especially well suited for outdoor work, as for shipbuilding and bride construction.
It is also used in interior and exterior construction, for doors, gates, stairs and windows. Larch is also made into veneer.